stem from来自, 起源于; 由…造成
例句：The present wave of strikes stems from discontent among the lower-paid.
当前的罢工浪潮起因于低工资雇员的不满情绪。

2. The March 11 massacre has sparked calls for revenge and harsh justice.

call for需要
例句：Your plan will call for a lot of money.
你的计划需要许多钱。

3. We want a punishment based on Islamic sharia law."

base on使建立在…基础上,立足
例句：Action should be based on solid facts.
行动应有确凿的事实为依据。

4. Afghan President Hamid Karzai has demanded that U.S. troops - scheduled to be in his country for two more years - stay out of Afghan villages

be scheduled to安排,预定
例句：The delegation is scheduled to arrive tomorrow.
代表团定于明日到达。